Dengue fever, a viral disease transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is an emergent public health problem in Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia and recently the Western Mediterranean Region. In the absence of a vaccine, primary prevention of dengue and its severe forms remains dependent upon vector control measures such as elimination of larval habitats or killing adult mosquitoes. Numerous “top-down” approaches to vector control have not been able to achieve a sustainable reduction in vector densities or to prevent dengue transmission. The relative contribution of mosquitoes and humans (or both) to the dispersal of dengue viruses is poorly understood. The continuous change in the human population, vector population and the virus along with and in response to the environmental changes present an ongoing challenge to control. This variation is associated with the transmission dynamics producing silent epidemics of dengue infection to overt outbreak of disease. There is a gap in understanding how the transmission and dynamics of disease vary with ecological, biological and social factors. Under these circumstances, the scarce allocation of resources cannot sustain conventional dengue control activities. Therefore, more insights, relevant to specific ecosystems, into transmission dynamics and the possibility of intersectoral ecosystem management programmes for dengue prevention and control are urgently needed. These insights will play a crucial function in defining locally relevant and appropriate interventions with the prospects for sustainable control of vector populations. The purpose of this study is to explore the ecological, biological and social ("eco-bio-social") factors that may have contributed to the development of increased dengue mosquito populations in particular Latin American ecosystems and to study the effect ecosystem relevant interventions for reducing vector densities and ultimately viral transmission to levels below epidemic thresholds.